The Lieutenant in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

The Lieutenant in Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚   Iago, in the Bard’s tragedy Othello, detests in an irrational way the very person of Cassio. Does Michael Cassio deserve the governorship of the island of Cyprus? What is his relationship with Bianca? Let’s look at these and other questions relating to the lieutenant in this essay.    David Bevington in William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies concludes that it is the â€Å"daily beauty† in the life of the lieutenant which underlies the destructive behavior of the antagonist:    The â€Å"daily beauty† in Cassio’s life makes Iago feel â€Å"ugly† by comparison (5.1.19-20), engendering in Iago a profound sense of lack of worth from which he can temporarily find relief only by reducing Othello and others to his own miserable condition. He is adept at provoking self-hatred in others because he suffers from it himself. (223)    Blanche Coles in Shakespeare’s Four Giants comments on the character of Cassio:    In a casual reading of Othello, it may seem that the character of Cassio is not sufficiently well drawn, because, for reasons connected with his portrayal of Iago, Shakespeare delays the full characterization of Cassio until almost the end of the play. However, we have a number of brief revelations of his personality that mark him distinctly – in his genuine anxiety for Othello’s safety, in his abstaining from taking part in the bold and suggestive comments of Iago to the two women as they wait for Othello’s ship and, a little later, in his sincere regret about the loss of his reputation after he has partaken of the wine which Iago has forced upon him. (85-86)    Cassio makes his first appearance in the play in Act 1 Scene 2, when he is conducting the official business of the... ...– another emotional revelation for Michael Cassio. Finally, the ultimate emotional blow to the ex-officer comes when Othello stabs himself and dies: â€Å"This did I fear, but thought he had no weapon; / For he was great of heart.†    As â€Å"lord governor† of the island of Cyprus now, Michael Cassio has charge of the â€Å"censure of this hellish villain, / The time, the place, the torture.† Lodovico appeals to Cassio to let his justice, not his mercy prevail: â€Å"O, enforce it!†    WORKS CITED    Bevington, David, ed. William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies. New York: Bantam Books, 1980.    Coles, Blanche. Shakespeare’s Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire: Richard Smith Publisher, 1957.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

Metabical: Communications Plan Essay

1. Introduction Metabical is a bran new revolutionary weight loss drug, developed by the Cambridge Science Pharmaceuticals, which expects the final approved by the FDA (US Food and Drug Administration). As soon, as the FDA approves it, the product is going to be launched. Metabical is clinically proven to be a very effective drug for the weight-loss in moderately overweight people with the BMI 25-30. 2. Background The statistics show, that not less than 70 % of participants of the Marketing Survey for the weight-loss products are unhappy with their current weight. 35 % of them are trying actively to lose weight via any means. 15 % of them do not mind the usage of the weight-loss products to help them in losing weight. 65 % of the adult population of the United States is considered as the overweight or obese. Many of the members of focus groups claim that they starve themselves with diets and suffer from the intensive exercising; however, they do not get the desired results as quick and easy as they want them to be. These facts show the need of the market for the weight-loss products. Overweight and obesity become global problems nowadays. Pharmaceutical companies try to find the solutions to these problems by creating weight-loss drugs. These are the pills, which have to be taken regularly for a period of time. They serve as an additional aid to the weight-loss program of a person. It is best to combine them with healthy diet and regular exercising. 3. The Situation Analysis Company Analysis Cambridge Science Pharmaceuticals (CSP) is a global pharmaceutical company based in Cambridge, US. In 2007, it had a remarkable sales record of $25 billion. Currently, it is ready to launch a very promising drug in the weight-loss field, which will greatly impact the company’s future. With correct positioning, it has all the chances of becoming a new market leader and a holder of the monopoly on the market. Competitor Analysis The weight-loss drug market is new to business society and it is still developing; however, it is highly competitive. Currently, the OTC product monopoly is held by a few competitive products: Alli, Xeniacal4 and Ephedra. The advantages of the Metabical product on its competitors are crucial. Metabical is the first weight-loss drug, which is potentially approved by the FDA in all the aspects – it is the safest weight-loss drug on the market. It means, that it does not have so many side effects, as the competitor’s products do. For example, there have been many cases of heart-death, caused by the regular usage of the Ephedra product, and a lot of liver damages cause by Xenical4. Out of all these drugs, Alli is the only one, which got approved by the FDA; so, one can say that it is the number one competitor for the Metabical product on the market. Even though it got approved, it is much less safe to consume than Metabical product. Alli causes a lot of side effects as the loose stools, abdominal pain, and increased defecation incontinence, when a person consumes it with too much fat. Another advantage of Metabical is the program itself. It is longer and better balanced than the Alli’s one. Unlike its competitors, it offers an individual exercise plan and a personal support component. The price tag of $3 – $5 for Metabical can be considered relatively inexpensive to the competitors’ products and with all the benefits it gives. It is also much easier to use than the competitors’ products (1 pill a day versus 1 pill per meal). The duration of the effect of the Metabical pill is also better than the one of the competitors’ products. The main difference of the Metabical product from all its potential competitors is its vision and philosophy. It focuses on the improvement of the product from the health perspective, making it safer to use for its consumers with the least amount of side effects, while the other companies try to strengthen the effects of their product, so, that the results will be noticed earlier. This is very important, because the customers of the weight-loss products do not want just to lose the weight, but become healthy in all of the aspects. Consumer Analysis Since the Metabical is a weight-loss drug, and it is already known that its target costumers have a Body Mass Index varying from 25 to 30 units, it is easy to determine and choose the segments of the potential consumers. Mostly, these are the average people, who are very concerned about the overweight and obesity issue. They may suffer from the exceed of weight and they are highly motivated in fighting with it. They attend the gym regularly, exercise a lot, and struggle with healthy diets; however, this is still not enough for them to lose the exceeding weight. Metabical is not a solution, but a great aid in fighting with their problem. Some overweight people do not care about or even do not notice their problem, so, Metabical do not see them as the primary costumers. The gender of the potential customers is most of the cases feminine. As studies show, women tend to care and put much more attention into their physical appearance, than men do. In addition, studies say that 75 % of overweight women are not happy with their weight and 60 % tried to fight with their exceed of weight with different methods but failed. The age of the potential Metabical consumers is also easy to determine. It is known, that most of the people become more and more concerned with their weight when they are getting older and older. When a person reaches his physical size and stops growing, his body changes – the calories gained per day do not go into the growth, but the fat. These fats are very hard to fight, and even the exceeding exercising at this age is not a solution. The fat usually becomes a problem at the age of 25-35. The Metabical drug is averagely priced; however, not everybody can afford it. It is never given out for free, since, the overweight is not considered an illness. The consumer has to have salary of funds, which can cover the full Metabical diet program. He also has to have an access to the gym and can afford to buy healthy products. The estimated income of the Metabical consumer is $40’000+ a year, so, this is a middle-class person. Also, the studies show, that the single people tend to care more about their physical appearance, than the married / in relationship ones, especially, the women. The relationship status of the Metabical customer can be identified as single / actively searching. Also, there are the sub-segments of the customers on the market – Metabical consumers can be divided in two kinds: some want to use the product to look good, others, who want to be healthier. The first type of the customers are usually younger (25+), the second type are older (35+). The first sub-segment is considered as the priority for the Metabical product. This is explained by the philosophy of the drug: it is made for the people, who want to be healthy and not just slim. CSP puts a lot of effort in making Metabical a safe product to use on the first place. As a conclusion, the target costumer of the Metabical product is usually an overweight woman (BMI 25-30), aged 25+, with the yearly income of $40’000+ (middle class). She usually has a college education. Her self-esteem is low and she is either worried that she does not look good or she wants to become healthier. She is a workingwoman or a housewife, usually single. She attends the gym regularly and stays on a strict healthy diet. She is very motivated and willing to fight with her problem via any means. Product Analysis Metabical is a prescription weight-loss drug developed by CSP. It is consumed in the form of pills one time a day. It costs $3 – $5 a day. The average duration of the Metabical treatment program is 12 weeks. The cost of the program varies from $252 to $420. The drug is prescribed to the overweight people with the BMI of 25 to 30, and is not as effective on the consumers with higher BMI. To achieve the maximum effectiveness of the drug, the individual diet and the exercise program have to be developed and followed during the usage of the Metabical. As any other weight-loss drug, Metabical has some side effects. They are similar to the ones of Alli (gastrointestinal discomfort) but much less noticeable. They may appear if a person combines the consumption of the Metabical drug with a lot of fatty foods. At this stage, it awaits the final approval of the FDA, and will be launched, as soon, as it gets the approval.

Investigatory Project on Mouthwash

I- INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study An effective mouthwash is one that does not only make the breath fresh but also serves as an antiseptic. It should not simply mask the effective mouth odor caused by excessive activity of anaerobic bacteria inhabiting the mouth. There is a need to prevent the increase in the population. B. Statement of the problem A mouthwash is a solution in addition to regular oral hygiene methods such as brushing and flossing. Alternative mouth gargles can be prepared from locally available plants such as herbs and fruit bearing ones. Certain plant parts may have active ingredients that have antimicrobial activity. An example is the Star Apple (chrisophyllum cainito) that contains essential oils found to be efficient in neutralizing mouth conditions and in freshening breath. This study aims to answer following questions: †¢ Is Star Apple leaves decoction can be effective mouthwash? Can the Star Apple leaves extract kill the bacteria inhabiting in the mouth ? C. Significance of the study In this study the people will benefit because they can use it in the prevention of dental diseases and maintenance of the oral health and it can be used for preventing gums and oral infections. D. Scope and Delimitation of the study This study only tested the feasibility of Star Apple leaves as mouthwash. Recommendation It is suggested that more research be conducted to further isolate, identify, characterize and elucidate the bioactive compounds from Chrysophylum albidum. In conclusion, the result of this study justifies the traditional uses of the leaves of Chrysophylum albidum for therapeutic purposes. The findings could also be of commercial interest to both pharmaceutical companies and research institute in the production of new drugs.?

Organisational behaviour case study Essay

Introduction The main goal for any business has always been to increase profit margins. In the past the companies focused only on the number of productions and other technical issues, whereas other aspects, such as human recourses management, were not valued as of high important. These days, business environment has changed dramatically. It is believed that organisational behaviour is one of the main areas for potential improvement in order to run a sustainable business (Robbins et al 2011, p.8). This case study will examine the internal management strategies of Westpac group (Westpac), one of the four main banks in Australia. It shows how Westpac uses organisational behaviour principles to increase job satisfaction to motivate its employees. It will also explain how the company supports its employees in conflict situations and analyse the leadership styles of the bank’s Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Gail Kelly. Studies have shown that using the appropriate organisational behavioural tech niques can promote a motivated, satisfied and conflict free work force, but how does Westpac motivate its staff and how satisfied are its employees in their job roles? Job satisfaction and motivation Westpac being a large, well established company is well aware of how finding, retaining and motivating its employees can be crucial for a successful business to prosper (Westpac 2006). The company is faced with motivating employees and, in turn, generating high job satisfaction throughout all levels of the organisation (Root 2014). It can also be deduced that if employees feel job satisfaction then this, consecutively, will filter through to create a positive experience for Westpac’s customers as well. However, in order to generate a motivated workforce, Westpac must offer its employees benefits, rewards and recognition, which are a few of the key causes of job satisfaction (Robbins et al 2013, p.59-74). These motivators come in many different forms and are sometimes, specific to an employee’s needs. When motivating a person with a benefit or reward, Westpac must understand that each individual person will value a reward differently (Root 2014). For example, an employee with a young family may value paid parental leave, or a shorter working day, over a promotion or a pay increase. Westpac shows that they understand that not all employees are the same and have  differing needs by ranking first in 2013 in the annual benchmarking survey ‘Work/Life Initiatives’ for their flexible work options, offering 12 weeks paid parental leave, access to child care as well as offering flexible working hours (‘Westpac leads in satisfaction poll’ 2013). However, for another employee, a valued reward may take the shape of opportunity to move up in the company. If an employee is promoted to a role they have been striving to obtain then that promotion is a means of recognising their hard work and determination and makes the employee more motivated in their job and the company, thus generating job satisfaction (Robbins et al 2013, p.59-74), while benefiting the company too. There are many ways that Westpac generates motivation and in turn job satisfaction, however, one of these is through job enrichment (Darling 1997). This is the practice of enhancing an employee’s individual jobs and increasing responsibility which, in turn makes the job more stimulating and rewarding for the employee, by giving them more control over their work and how they perform it, promoting increased job satisfaction (Robbins et al 2013, p. 171-190). By giving employees more responsibility and control of the work they are doing increased job satisfaction, as a lack of control or stimulation is often a cause of stress and boredom, which causes a decrease in motivation. It is hard to dispute that the correct employee motivation creates job satisfaction, and in turn customer satisfaction. In 2013, Westpac surveyed its employees and 70% said they were committed to their job, moreover, in the same year Westpac came out on top of the four main banks for customer satisfaction (Bennet 2014). Westpac places great emphasis on the prevention and resolution of potential conflicts between its employees. It can also be said that by creating a more comfortable workplace for employees this will in turn contribute to the efficiency of the company’s performance as a whole. Conflict management It is difficult to imagine any workplace to be completely conflict free. First of all, workplace brings together people with different values, personality traits and people of different ages. Moreover, when there is increased pressure on employees to meet targets, complete tasks faster often with a lack of resources, tensions can arise and the work environment becomes progressively more stressful for the employees. This means that  co-workers always need to seek an appropriate way to interact with each other at work. However, it is also an issue for managers as they are responsible for comfortable communication and conflict resolution between workers. According to Robbins et al (2012 p.450), there are three main causes or sources of conflict: communication, structural factors (such as size of a group and specialisation) and personal variables (including personality, emotions and values). Examining the conflict management system of Westpac, it is fair to conclude, that the company i s more focused on the prevention of conflicts that may arise from personal variables. As an example, the company pays great attention to the rights of employees to an equal employment opportunity. Indeed, today the recruitment practices of many companies indirectly discriminate potential employees because of their race, gender, age, sexual orientation or ethnic background. One of the main strategies of Westpac is to create a balanced work environment, free of harassment and discrimination. According to Westpac (People policies 2014), the handling claims about the events of discrimination applies to all employees, customers and partners working for the company. Westpac takes all reasonable steps to prevent potential conflicts caused by such events from occurring in the workplace. The company requires all employees to undertake special discrimination/harassment trainings and requires them to be familiarised with the current discrimination and harassment policies and procedures. Two other types of personality-based conflict in the workplace are emotional-based and values-based. The ability to balance emotions and reasons, understand the interests of each other as well as the ability to maintain good communication and stay reliable can help to prevent and manage a conflict (‘Managing Conflict’ 2007, pp. 46-47). In order to maintain a comfortable work environment for the employees Westpac has created the Employee Assistance Program, which provides employees with confidential counselling on a range of issues, such as family bereavements, lack of job satisfaction, outcomes of target oriented management, stress and trauma management. Another foundation, Critical Incident Management Program, helps employees after traumatic events: personal threats in the workplace, the death of work colleagues and threats from different external events. Why is it important for the company to pay so much attention to such type of conflict? As Robbins et al (2012, p.448 ) state, relationship conflicts are  dysfunctional. It means that they have a negative impact on the work efficiency. This point of view was shared by Karim (2009, p.289), who argues that stress on the job causes lower productivity and poor performance in the organisation. As an example, managing traumatic incidents can significantly reduce employee’s absences after the event (‘Prompt trauma management can reduce employee absence’ 2007). The company aims to encourage staff members to report any wrongdoing in order to help managers to adequately manage risk and cultural issues. Examples of wrongdoing can be a breach of Westpac’s Policies and Codes, improper behaviour and safety issues. As a part of conflict management, the company has established the ‘Concern Reporting’ system (Westpac 2013). It includes an online and telephone service, which allows anonymous communication, which connects employees to trained specialists from an independent organisation. However, if the conflict has already occurred, Westpac has a number of processes to highlight issues between employees and their managers with further investigation with senior managers if the issue is not resolved. It is important to realise that the relationships between employees are very susceptible to the leadership style set in the group. Leadership styles Leadership plays an important role to maximise efficiency and to achieve organisational goals. Effective leaders have an ability to motivate and inspire employees and contribute to the great success of the company (Keskes 2014). Gail Kelly emphases the importance of setting a clear direction for an organisation and articulate all employees and other stakeholders (‘Leadership advice from the CEO of Westpac, Gail Kelly’ 2014). This style of leadership has been successful to achieve the company’s goals and visions. This achievement brought her as a charismatic leader and her charisma helps her to all employees commit to the firm and generate higher financial performance (Davidson et all 2009, pp. 386-387). Now she is ranked the 11th most powerful woman in the world and is Australian’s highest paid businesswomen. According to Goleman et all (2002), leaderships are divided by six types, namely visionary, coaching, affiliative, democratic, pacesetting and command ing.Each type of the leadership can be used apart, depending on situations. Companies spend a great deal of money on new  processes and efficiencies to increase one per cent of bottom-line profitability, but thirty per cent of the company’s bottom-line profitability is responsible by leadership style. Therefore, it is very important to use leadership styles to respond to different situations effectively. These days, dramatic changes can be seen across the financial services. Australian banks have competed for the biggest share of the home loans market. However, this competition has shifted to getting customers’ deposits. When the company pursue a new direction, visionary leadership style is the most appropriate. The objective of this style is to move people towards a new set of shared targets with clear explanation. Many companies end up with failure to changes due to slow response or when employees are not sure about the direction of the firm. One of the great successes of Westpac is that Gail Kelly uses this style effectively (‘Leader ship Styles’ 2011). Another style of leadership that is inherent to Gail Kelly is affinitive style. Affinitive style of leadership is also seen to achieve high employee satisfaction (Brook, K 2003). Westpac put the value on the importance of teamwork and the diversity of employees regardless of age, race and ability (People policies 2014). The company helps the employees’ to solve personal problems and encourages them to be more cohesive in order to create a comfortable work environment. This style of leadership is useful to enhance team harmony, increases the morale and the improvement of communication in employees, that is essential in current volatile situation in financial industry. However, affinitive leadership would be dangerous to use by itself since its emphasis’s on group work and it might promote poor performance or no future growth. For this reason, the need to combine different styles of leadership, that the company does successfully, is essential to reach the goals of the bus iness (Robbins et al 2011, p 357). Conclusion Organisational behaviour is more than just the principles of how people can work in the group together. It is a complex study that shows how the right interaction of employees can benefit the business’s effectiveness. The analysis of Westpac Group has revealed that the company endeavours to increase job satisfaction of the employees by rewarding each person correspondingly. Thus, in order, has a beneficial effect on the production  effectiveness, causing positive feelings among customers. The company appreciates the diversity among its employees and successfully manages the conflicts caused by personal problems as well as conflicts in relationships with others. The Westpac’s system of conflict management helps to prevent a potential decline in job performance and creates a comfortable work environment. The case study has also revealed that the company benefitted from the efficient use of different styles of leadership. The ability to quickly respond to the volatility in a finance sector by changing leadership styles helps Gail Kelly to lead the business successfully, enhancing team involvement and overall contribution. References Brooks, K 2003, ‘Primal Leadership: Realising the Power of Emotional Intelligence’, Human Resource Development Quarterly, 14, 2, pp. 235-238, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 6 September 2014. Darling, K & Arn, J 1997, ‘How to effectively reward employees’, Industrial Management, 39, no. 4, Masterfile Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 8 September 2014. Davidson, P, Simon, A, Woods, P & Griffin, R 2009, Gail Kelly, bank executive – outstanding leader and manager in Management: Core Concepts and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Queensland. ‘Dealing with Workplace Conflict’ 2006, Point For Credit Union Research & Advice, p. 19, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 29 August 2014. Goleman, D, Boyatzis, R & McKee, A 2002, Primal leadership: Learning to lead with emotional intelligence, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, USA. Karim, N 2009, ‘Stress in Organsations: Management Strategies’, Dialogue (1819-6462) , 4, 2, pp. 286-300, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 25 August 2014. Keskes, I 2014, ‘Relationship between leadership styles and dimensions of employee organizational commitment: A critical review and discussion of future directions’, Intangible Capital, 10, 1, pp. 26-51, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 10 September 2014. ‘Leadership Styles 2011’, The Wall Street Journal, pp. 1-3, viewed 9 September 2014, . ‘Leadership advice from the CEO of Westpac, Gail Kelly’ 2014, Australia Business Review, viewed 30 August 2014,

Abraham Lincoln, Charleston Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abraham Lincoln, Charleston Debate - Essay Example From the excerpt, Lincoln desists from encouraging equality in the country. In fact, he supports that fact that races are not equal, and the white race should reign supreme. In essence, Lincoln says that equality cannot be attained without upsetting the social balance, which could have more adverse effects. He asserts that the ethnic differences between whites and black is enough hindrance for these people not to be equal. Lincoln argues that a stable society must have people to take up superior places and others to take inferior places. He claims that although Negroes cannot be denied everything, they should not take up leadership positions and reign over the white people (â€Å"Fourth Joint Debate at Charleston† para. 2). Despite his stance on race and equality, Lincoln is opposed to the expansion of slavery in the country. The northwestern states had abolished slavery and were agitating for abolishment of slavery throughout the country. Lincoln argued that although Negroes could not have equal rights, it was improper to discriminate them when the constitution had granted their citizenship (Lincoln n.p). The debate in the excerpt closely resembles current political rhetoric. Lincoln and Douglas used the ethos, pathos and logos to attract support from the electorate. The use of rhetoric in the then politics and today’s politics was to humiliate the opponents and pose them as against the people. In the excerpt, Lincoln uses rhetoric to attack Douglas on the issue of slavery and how he altered the law to allow Kansas choose the fate of slaves in the state (â€Å"Fourth Joint Debate at Charleston† para. 3). The rhetoric in the debate is manifest in today’s politics where politicians use issues of concern to the electorate to attack opponents. Political rhetoric in 1858 concentrated on finding fault in the system and proposing the way forward. Lincoln attacked Douglas as a person who could not be trusted because he had changed the contents of a

Information mangment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Information mangment - Essay Example The system also works towards shifting the workload from any single local computer system, to a cloud of many other computers that are interconnected to the system, which also functions like the computer in the main organization, through a web-based service that allows the local computers to run the programs of the organization such as the e-mail as well as other complex data of the organization (Furht & Escalante, 2010 p22). Social media Social media is a form of cloud computing, since it entails the use of data and resources of a single organization by different end users, who are situated in different parts of the world, through the internet (Morley & Parker, 19). Social media qualifies as a form of cloud computing, since it allows various end users to use the software and data of a single organization, to connect with the organization and with other end users, using their local computers and other internet-connecting devices, from all over the world. Social media is a form of clo ud computing because it entails many people connected to the social network through the internet, but operating from different regions. ... f cloud computing to large organizations that cannot be obtained by the small organizations is that the large organizations and the SMEs can use the same resources, but the large organization will benefit more, since it will spread the accessibility of the similar resources to many of its stakeholders, while the SMEs have few stakeholders to share with. Thus cloud computing offers the cost redaction benefit more to the large organizations, more than to the SMEs. Challenges for SMEs vis-a-vis big organisations The challenge is similar however, since Companies with different sizes (big, medium and small companies) face similar problems when it comes to the application of social media as a form of cloud computing, since their employees are using the existing computing resources owned by the companies, to connect and communicate with their relations, at the expense of applying such organizational resources productively (Morley & Parker, 19). The difference in the challenges between the l arge organization and the SMEs is that the large organizations have the ability to acquire and use the cloud computing technology, more than the SMEs. Differentiating between the three kinds of cloud computing Cloud computing platform is the main podium through which developers write the applications that runs the cloud (Furht & Escalante, 2010 p28). The cloud computing platform is the way through which the applications on the site of an organization are supported. On the other hand, cloud computing infrastructure refers to the interconnection of the resources that are applied to make the applications and the services possible for the end users, who uses an organizations data and software. Such infrastructure is made up of components such as operation support equipments, hardware, servers

Alzheimer's Disease Patient and Social Theory Essay

Alzheimer's Disease Patient and Social Theory - Essay Example The key points of this analysis are the medical background and history of the patient, the psychological and sociological factors affecting her and her health, and finally how the patient and those psychological and sociological factors fit into a larger theoretical and policy framework. About the Patient In the interests of maintaining confidentiality and respecting patient privacy, I will be referring to this patient as Mrs. X. Due to her rapidly deteriorating mental and physical condition, Mrs. X's residential care home was no longer capable of providing the nursing services she required, and she was subsequently transferred into the mental health ward. Mrs. X has vascular dementia or Alzheimer's disease and has been declared legally incompetent to make her own medical decisions. In addition, she is prone to mild absence seizures, causing disorientation and occasional falls, though they do not induce unconsciousness. She is receiving phenytoin to treat the seizures. Mrs. X's behavioural issues have progressively worsened to the point that she requires full care and constant monitoring. She will wander the halls of the ward at night screaming. Her husband believes that many of her mental issues are related to her lack of sleep, which does make her agitated and irritable during the day. She has difficulty communicating her needs, as she is completely non-verbal. This factor alone is greatly complicating her nursing care. Other complicating factors in Mrs. X's care are her dislike for the staff to attempt personal hygiene or care needs, and her refusal to comply with treatment regimens. For example, she was found to be refusing her medication by hiding pills in her mouth, and had to be switched to liquid suspensions. Psychological and Sociological Factors It is difficult to assess Mrs. X's psychological condition exactly, due to her dementia and non-verbal state; however, it is safe to say that she is clearly unhappy with the current situation. Th is is a concern, as a patient's psychological state is often directly related to their ability to heal when hurt or to keep themselves healthy in the first place (Gross, 2007). Even on the first layer of the Whitehead-Dahlgren model of psychological influences, her physical state of being, most effects on Mrs. X are strongly negative (Marks & Evans, 2005). She often seems unaware of her surroundings, becoming lost within the building, which is a traumatising event for her. This most often occurs at night when she wanders. Her sleeplessness is due to severe insomnia, a condition that further damages her poor psychological state. She is helpless to do anything for herself, unable even to eat, drink, or use the toilet without help. Even in her mentally compromised state, this level of dependence on others causes her a significant amount of distress. This is evidenced by her dislike mentioned earlier for staff members trying to attend to her personal care. She is in pain due to arthriti s and frequent constipation, which also negatively impacts her psychological well-being. On the second layer and third layers, her lifestyle factors and social networks, the situation is equally as poor (Marks & Evans, 2005). She upsets the other patients by screaming and yelling, with the result that she has very little positive social contact with them. She